Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous muscle growths within the walls of the uterus.
Endometrial polyps are abnormal tissue growths within the endometrium, the inner
lining of the uterus.
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs on one or both ovaries that usually form during
ovulation.
Symptoms of fibroids, polyps, and cysts vary, but these structural abnormalities can all
contribute to pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, and other complications including
infertility.
Treatment for fibroids, polyps, and cysts depends on symptoms and patient goals and
includes conservative, non-surgical methods as well as surgical intervention when
necessary.
Uterine Fibroids
Uterine fibroids, which are also called leiomyomas or myomas, are benign (non-
cancerous) muscular growths within the walls of the uterus. In fewer than 1 in 1,000
cases, what was thought to be a uterine fibroid may be a cancerous mass. They range
in size from three-quarters of an inch to several inches in diameter.
According to a study published in The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
fibroids affect up to 70 percent of white women and between 80 to 90 percent of
African-American women by age 50. They often do not cause any symptoms and are
frequently detected incidentally during a routine examination.
Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids
Fibroids often cause heavy and painful periods, abnormal uterine bleeding, and pelvic
pain and pressure in patients. In addition to discomfort, fibroids may also
cause pregnancy complications and/or infertility. Symptoms of uterine fibroids include:
 Changes in the menstrual cycle, including heavy or prolonged bleeding
 Abdominal and pelvic cramping
 Lower back pain
 Pain or pressure during intercourse
 Frequent or difficult urination
 Recurrent miscarriages

 Infertility
If fibroids are suspected or discovered in a routine pelvic exam, an OB-GYN will first
aim to fully assess their size, number, and position. This can be done using a variety of
imaging methods including ultrasound and hysteroscopy (a thin tube with a camera
inserted through the vagina to examine the uterus).
More advanced imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
and computerized tomography (CT) scans may be ordered in more complex cases.
Uterine Fibroids Treatment
Determining the appropriate treatment for fibroids depends on several variables
including severity and type of symptoms, to what degree the fibroids are affecting the
body’s ability to function normally, and whether or not a woman wishes to get pregnant
in the future.
Over-the-counter pain medication can sometimes relieve uterine fibroid symptoms.
Hormonal medications, including certain birth control medications, can be very effective
in reducing the pain and heavy bleeding caused by fibroids, provided the woman does
not wish to become pregnant.
Women who are actively trying to get pregnant or wish to preserve their future
reproductive options may opt to have fibroids surgically removed while leaving the
uterus intact. Surgical removal of the fibroids alone is called a myomectomy.
Other options for fibroid removal include uterine artery embolization (UAE), a procedure
that eliminates blood vessels that supply the fibroids, and MRI-focused ultrasound
therapy that is a non-surgical technique using high-intensity ultrasound waves to
destroy fibroids. Pregnancy is not recommended after these procedures.
A hysterectomy will provide definitive treatment. This is the surgical removal of the
uterus and can be performed in various degrees and with different surgical approaches.
Endometrial Polyps
Endometrial polyps, also called uterine polyps, are abnormal tissue growths on the inner
lining of the uterus. Most of the time, endometrial polyps are not cancerous (benign), but
they can sometimes develop into cancer if left untreated.
Since women of reproductive age shed the inner lining of the uterus during
menstruation, endometrial polyps are more common in women that have gone
through menopause. However, they can affect women of all ages.
Symptoms of Endometrial Polyps
Like fibroids, endometrial polyps may or may not cause symptoms, depending on their
size, number, and location. Symptoms of endometrial polyps include:
 Post-menopausal vaginal bleeding

 Bleeding between menstrual periods
 Very heavy bleeding during menstrual periods
 Bleeding after intercourse or exercise
If endometrial polyps are suspected, imaging techniques such as ultrasound and
hysteroscopy are usually used to confirm their presence. If polyps are found, an OB-
GYN will take a small tissue sample for a biopsy to check for cancer or precancerous
cells.
Endometrial Polyps Treatment
Sometimes polyps will go away over time without treatment. If endometrial polyps are
identified in an exam and a woman is not experiencing severe symptoms and is not at
risk for cancer, she may be advised to wait and see if the polyps resolve on their own.
Usually, an OB-GYN will recommend the removal of symptomatic endometrial polyps,
and removal will always be advised if there is concern for cancerous or precancerous
cells. Hysteroscopy is performed to remove polyps. This involves using a lighted tube
and camera called a hysteroscope, which is inserted through the vagina. The surgeon
will insert small instruments through the tube to remove the polyps.
Hormonal medications may be prescribed for short-term relief of symptoms caused by
polyps, but may not eliminate the polyps themselves.
Ovarian Cysts
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that may develop on one or both of a woman’s
ovaries. The ovaries are responsible for producing female reproductive hormones as
well as releasing an egg each month during ovulation. The most common types of cysts
form during ovulation when one of the follicles on the ovaries responsible for releasing
an egg fails to open.
In most cases, these cysts will go away in a few months without treatment and without
causing symptoms. Because most ovarian cysts form during ovulation, they are far less
common in women who have gone through menopause.
Complications arise when cysts become abnormally large. Less commonly, cysts may
rupture or cause ovarian torsion, a condition in which the ovary is abnormally twisted
due to the cyst. In rare cases, ovarian cysts can be cancerous. Additionally, some
women produce many small cysts on their ovaries due to a condition called polycystic
ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common cause of infertility in women.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
The majority of ovarian cysts will not cause symptoms. When they do, the symptoms
include:
 Bloating

 Abdominal pressure
 Pelvic pain
 Pain during intercourse
 Frequent and/or difficult urination
 Sudden, sharp pain due to a ruptured cyst
Women experiencing sudden and severe pain should seek immediate medical help,
particularly if the pain is accompanied by vomiting or fever.
When ovarian cysts are suspected during an exam, an OB-GYN will determine whether
or not further testing is needed. This is usually done via pelvic ultrasound.
If further evaluation is needed, laparoscopic surgery may be used to investigate ovarian
cysts. This minimally invasive technique uses a small incision and a camera to help
guide the surgeon. Laparoscopy may also be used to surgically remove the cysts.
Ovarian Cysts Treatment
Since ovarian cysts often resolve on their own without treatment, a period of watchful
waiting may be recommended if a cyst is identified during a routine examination.
Periodic pelvic ultrasounds may be used to monitor the growth and development of the
cyst.
Oral contraceptives (birth control) may be prescribed to prevent the formation of ovarian
cysts during ovulation.
If surgical intervention is necessary, ovarian cysts can often be removed while keeping
the ovaries and other pelvic organs intact. This is called a cystectomy. In more severe
cases, an oophorectomy (removal of one or both ovaries) may be necessary.
The first step in preventing complications from fibroids, polyps, and cysts is a routine
pelvic exam.